下面是小编为大家整理的改善大流行防范能力：COVID-19教训（2022年）,供大家参考。
C ON TEN TS
vi x
F o re w o rd Ackn o wl ed gm e nts
2
E XEC U T I VE
SUMMAR Y
13
IN TR ODUC T ION
1 5
A
Rap id
S p r ead ,
a
Gr im
T o ll ,
and
an
Eco n o mic
Disaster
18
A
F ailur e
t o Heed
W ar ning s
19
FI NDI NGS
20
3 4
T he
Ine vitabi lit y
of Pandemic
T hr eats
and
the
L ogic of Pr ep ar edness
W hat
W en t
W r o ng
Glo bally
5 1
W hat
W en t
W r o ng
Do mestic ally
68
RECOMMEND A T IONS
70
82
A do pt
a
R o b ust
Strateg y
fo r
Do mestic
and
Glo bal Pandemic
Pr ep ar edness
Bo lster
Pandemic
Pre v en tio n
89
Im p r o v e
Pandemic
Detec tio n
9 4
Str eng then
Pandemic
R esponse
101
CONCLUSION
10 3
A d diti onal an d
Disse ntin g
Vi e w s
10 9
En dn o t e s
12 2
Acronyms
1 25
T a sk
F o rc e
Me mbe rs
136
T a sk
F o rc e
Ob se r v e rs
1 40
Contr i b utin g
CFR
St aff
v
FO RE W O RD
In
the
p a st
six
m o nths ,
CO VI D -19
ha s
u pended
our
liv es
t o an
e xten t f e w
imagined.
At
the
time
this
r epo r t
w en t
t o p r in t
in
ear ly
September 20 20,
the
vir us
had
alr eady
in f ec ted
at
lea st
t w en t y -fiv e
millio n
peo ple ar ound
the
w o r ld ,
killing
o v er
846,0 0 0,
n umbers
that
alm ost
cer tain ly under estimate
the
e xten t
of the
t o ll .
And
the y
will
co ntin ue
t o moun t . T he
pandemic
ha s
also
tr igg er ed
the
b igg est
eco n o mic
co llapse
sin ce the
Gr eat
Depr essio n .
As
the
T a s k
Fo rce
r ightly
a sserts ,
w e
ar e
living amid
the
“ w o rst
glo bal
c ata str o p he
sin ce
Wo r ld
W ar
II .”
D uring
the
ear ly
stag es
of the
pandemic,
valuab le
time
wa s
lost bec ause
of China’s
d issemb ling
o v er
the
nat ur e
of the
vir us ,
the
e xten t t o w hic h
it
had
sp r ead
within
its
bo r ders,
and
its
f ailur e
t o loc k
down the
coun tr y .
A
n umber
of
statemen ts
made
b y
the
Wo r ld
Health Organization
(WHO)
made
a
bad
sit uatio n
w o rse .
But
w hile
all
this he lps
e xplain
h o w
a
loc al
outb r eak
bec ame
a
pandemic,
it
is
f ar
f r o m the
w h o le
st o r y .
W hat
is
str iking
is
that
o n ce
CO VI D -19
w en t
glo bal , natio nal
per fo r man ces
greatly
d iv erg ed .
So me
dem ocrac ies
ha v e success f ully
co n tained
the
vir us
w hile
others
ha v e
str uggled ;
the
same h o lds
fo r
auth o r itar ian
sy stems .
So me
r e lativ e ly
high -in co me
coun tr ies ar e
f ar ing
m uc h
w o rse
than
their
lo w er -in co me
coun ter p ar ts .
T he single
m ost
im po r tan t
determinan t ,
it
t ur ns
out ,
ha s
been
the
qualit y
of politic al
leadership
and
e x ec utio n .
T he
United
States
testi fies
t o
the
co nsequen ces
of
a
f ailur e
in
politic al
leadership.
A
coun tr y
with
just
o v er
4
percen t
of the
w o r ld’s po pu lation
n o w
accoun ts
fo r
o ne-quar ter
of
the
w o r ld’s
kn o wn c a ses
and
m o r e
than
20 percen t
of attr i b uted
deaths.
T hir t y
millio n Amer ic ans
ar e
unemp lo y ed ,
w hile
U.S gr oss
do mestic
p r oduc t
f e ll
9.5 percen t
in
the
seco nd
quar ter
of 20 20,
the
larg est
quar ter ly
decline
in the
natio n’s
hist o r y .
vi
F or e w or d
T he
T a s k
Fo rce
co rr ec tly
co n c ludes
the
United
States
wa s “ un p r ep ar ed
fo r
CO VI D -19”
and
its
r esponse
wa s
“deep ly
fla w ed .” On ce
CO VI D -19
r eac hed
Amer ic an
sh o r es ,
the
f ederal
g o v er nmen t
d id n ot m o b i li ze
a
natio nal
r esponse ,
instead
lea ving
it
t o states
t o larg e ly figur e
it
out
fo r
themse lv es .
T he
administratio n
f ailed
t o co mm unic ate a
co nsisten t ,
sc ien ce-ba sed
messag e ,
instead
politic izing
ma s k -w ear ing. It
d id
n ot de v e lo p
a
natio nwide
sy stem
fo r
the
so r t
of testing
that
w ou ld ha v e
made
a
d iffer en ce—testing
that
p r o vides
quic k ,
acc urate
r esu lts w her e
the
test
is
administer ed—and
neglec ted
t o b uild
the
c ap ac it y t o co nduc t
co n tac t
trac ing.
T he
e v en t ual
r esponse ,
w hic h
attem pted t o
balan ce
pu b lic
health
co n cer ns
with
eco n o mic
co nsideratio ns , r esulted
in
w o rse
outco mes
acr oss
both
d imensions .
T he
T a s k
Fo rce d ip lo matic ally
co n c ludes
“ the
nation
and
its
leaders
cou ld—and sh ould—ha v e
do ne
m uc h
better .”
W hile
w e
ar e
sti ll
living
amid
the
pandemic,
and
ar e
lik e ly
t o r emain
so
fo r
so me
time
t o co me ,
w e
c an
alr eady
iden ti f y
im po r tan t
lessons that
m ust
be
ap p lied
so
that
the
United
States
and
the
w o r ld
ar e
better p r ep ar ed
fo r
f utur e
wa v es
of this
pandemic
and
the
ne xt
o ne—and ther e
will
be
a
ne xt
o ne .
T he
T a s k
Fo rce
puts
fo r war d
a
h ost
of po lic y p r escr i ptio ns
that
w e
w ou ld
be
wise
t o ado pt .
Most
f undamen tally ,
the auth o rs
em phasi ze
the
need
t o r ecognize
the
thr eat
in f ec tious
d isea ses pose
t o the
United
States ,
mak e
pandemic
p r ep ar edness
a
natio nal sec ur it y
p r io r it y
o n
p ar
with
natio nal
de f ense ,
and
o rgani ze
and
in v est acco r d ingly .
T he
auth o rs
also
reco mmend
that
the
United
States
re for m the
Cen ters
fo r
Disea se
Co n tr o l
and
Pre v en tio n ,
c lari f y
f ederal
and state
auth o r ities
and
r o les
fo r
pandemic
r esponse ,
cr eate
a
natio nwide strateg y
fo r
testing
and
co n tac t
trac ing,
and
tak e
steps
t o en han ce
the r esi lien ce
of med ic al
su pp ly
c hains.
With out
suc h
r e fo r ms ,
the
auth o rs
war n ,
“an y
f utur e
pandemic
r esponse
will
be
n o better
than
the
c ur r en t , m uddled
per fo r man ce ,
with
high
h uman
and
eco n o mic
costs .”
In
add itio n
t o p r o posing
do mestic
r e fo r ms ,
the
T a s k
Fo rce
r ightly po in ts
out
that
“ the
natio nal
and
in ter natio nal
d imensions
of
the pandemic
ar e
m ut ually
r ein fo rc ing
and
c ann ot
be
co nsider ed
in iso lation .”
In
the
sh o r t
r un ,
the
r epo r t
c alls
fo r
estab lishing
a
glo bal f rame w o r k
t o
ensur e
the
equitab le
alloc atio n
of
vacc ines .
Ov er
the lo ng er
ter m ,
the
auth o rs
p r o pose
n umer ous
r e fo r ms
t o m u lti lateral instit utio ns ,
urging
the
United
States
t o lead
these
effo r ts .
T his
w ou ld en tai l
r e jo ining
WHO
and
w o r king
within
the
o rgani zation
t o en han ce its
effec tiv eness .
R ecogni zing
that
e v en
a
str eng thened
WHO
w ou ld be
unable
b y
itself
t o lead
an
effec tiv e
pandemic
r esponse ,
the
T a s k Fo rce
adv oc ates
that
the
United
Nations
a ssume
a
m o r e
p r o minen t r o le
and
that
the
United
States
spear head
the
cr eatio n
of a
flexi b le in ter natio nal
coalitio n
t o m o b i li ze
the
eco n o mic ,
sec ur it y ,
and
p r ivate- sec t o r
r esponse
t o
pandemic
thr eats .
T he
auth o rs
f ur ther
p r o pose that
the
United
States
he lp
estab lis h
a
glo bal
epidemic
sur v ei llan ce and
fo r ec a sting
c ap ac it y
that
mak es
glo bal
health
sec ur it y
m uc h
less dependen t
o n
the
transpar en c y
of ear ly
affec ted
states
and
the
r is k a ssessmen ts
of
the
WHO
Emerg en c y
Co mmittee .
T he
T a s k
Fo rce reco mmends
that
the
United
States
p ar tner
with
other
nations
and in ter natio nal
finan ce
instit utio ns
t o
a ssist
lo w er -in co me
coun tr ies in
co ping
with
the
c ur r en t
pandemic
and
im p r o ving
their
pandemic p r ep ar edness
c ap ab i lities .
T hese
ar e
all
w o r thwhile
endea v o rs , b ut
I
w ou ld
h o pe
the
United
States
w ou ld
also
co nsider
bac king the
estab lis hmen t
of
an
aut o n o mous
w a t c h d o g
g r o u p
t h a t
w o u l d r e p o r t
o n
c o m p l i a n c e
with
the
In ter natio nal
Health
R egu lations ,
the in ter natio nal
legal
f oundatio n
fo r
glo bal
health
sec ur it y ,
giv en
the
r eal possi b i lit y
that
an y
group
a ssoc iated
with
the
UN
sy stem
will
n ot be wi lling
t o c halleng e
po w er f u l
member
coun tr ies .
It
is
im po r tan t
also
t o thin k
about
w hat
CO VI D -19
te lls
us
about
the
w o r ld
in
w hic h
w e
liv e .
T he
pandemic
is
a
te xtboo k
mani f estatio n
of globali zation .
W hat
happened
in
W u han
d id
n ot sta y
in
W u han.
T his vir us
does
n ot r espec t
an y
bo r ders.
A dd itio nal
glo bal
health
c halleng es will
co ntin ue
t o p r esen t
themse lv es ,
a s
will
other
r isks
a ssoc iated
with globali zation ,
f r o m
c limate
c hang e
t o c y berthr eats
and
ter r o r ism .
In r ecen t
y ears ,
m uc h
atten tio n
ha s
been
de v oted
t o U.S .-China
r elations , w hic h
is
understandable,
b ut
w hat
mak es
this
era
d iffer en t
is
that in ter natio nal
o r der
will
n ot
sim p ly
be
a
f un ctio n
of
gr eater
po w er dynamic s
b ut
will
also
r e flec t
the
w o r ld’s
ab i lit y
t o co me
t og ether
t o meet
glo bal
c halleng es .
viii
F or e w or d
W hat
is
so
r emar kable,
then ,
is
that
the
r esponse
t o
this
glo bal cr isis
ha s
been
alm ost
en tir e ly
natio nal.
T her e
is
little
in ter natio nal coo peration
and
coo r d ination
occ ur r ing.
T he
United
States
f ailed t o
c atalyze
a
co llec tiv e
r esponse
thr ough
either
WHO,
the
Gr oup of T w en t y ,
Gr oup
of Se v en ,
o r
the
UN
Sec ur it y
Counc i l .
Coun tr ies ar e
c losing
bo r ders,
h oar d ing
med ic al
equip men t ,
and
co m peting t o de v e lo p
a
vacc ine .
T he
loo ming
questio n
is
w hat
will
...
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